— Financial reporting — Notes to the consolidated financial statements

1 General information and basis of preparation

1.1 General information

medmix Ltd (the “company”) is a company domiciled in Switzerland. The address of the company’s registered office is Dammstrasse 19 in Zug, Switzerland. The consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2021, comprise the company and its subsidiaries (together referred to as the “groupˮ and individually as the “subsidiaries”).

The group is a global market leader in high-precision delivery devices for the healthcare and consumer and industrial business areas. The group specializes in the design and production of innovative, high-precision delivery devices and applicators for the dental, drug delivery, surgery, industrial and beauty markets. The group employs around 2’000 people at 20 production, sales and service sites around the world.

On September 20, 2021, Sulzer Ltd (“Sulzer” or “former parent”) shareholders at their extraordinary general meeting (EGM) approved the proposed 100% spin-off of the Applicator Systems (APS) division through a 1:1 share split, granting Sulzer shareholders one APS share in addition to each Sulzer share held. APS has been renamed medmix.

The spin-off was registered in the commercial registers of the cantons of Zurich and Zug on September 20, 2021, simultaneously with the incorporation of the company, which was registered with a share capital of 34’262’370 shares (registered shares with a nominal value of CHF 0.01 each). The spin-off became legally effective upon registration in the competent commercial registers, whereas the benefits and risks related to the assets and liabilities were economically transferred with retroactive effect as of January 1, 2021.

On September 30, 2021, the company became a publicly traded group and the shares of the company are listed on SIX Swiss Exchange in Zurich, Switzerland (symbol: MEDX).

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). They were authorized for issue by the Board of Directors on February 21, 2022.

Details of the group’s accounting policies are included in note 31.

1.2 Basis of preparation

The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) using the historical cost convention except for

• financial assets at fair value through profit and loss; and
• net position from defined benefit plans, where plan assets are measured at fair value and the plan liabilities are measured at the present value of the defined benefit obligation.

The company was incorporated on September 20, 2021 and the goal structure existed as of December 31, 2021. As such, the group changed the basis of preparation from combined and carve-out financial statements in 2020 to consolidated financial statements in 2021. The group carried over the book values of the closing carve-out financial statements instead of applying IFRS 1.

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with IFRS requires the use of certain critical accounting estimates. It also requires management to exercise its judgment in the process of applying the group’s accounting policies. The areas involving a higher degree of judgment or complexity or areas where assumptions and estimates are significant to the consolidated financial statements are disclosed in note 5.

Relationship with former parent and affiliates prior to the spin-off

The financial statements for periods prior to the spin-off have been prepared on a combined and carve-out basis from the consolidated financial statements of the Sulzer group because the group’s business did not form a separate legal group until the spin-off occurred.

IFRS does not provide principles for the preparation of combined and carve-out financial statements, and accordingly, in preparing the financial statements for periods prior to the spin-off, certain accounting and allocation conventions commonly used in practice for the preparation of combined and carve-out financial statements were applied. The assets and liabilities included in the balance sheets prior to the spin-off were measured at the carrying amounts recorded in the Sulzer consolidated financial statements. Prior to the spin-off, assets, liabilities, revenue and income and expenses have been identified for the purpose of preparing the combined and carve-out financial statements by applying the following approach:

• Assets: the allocation of assets is based on the existing legal ownership of those assets or they have been carved out from the Sulzer group for the business belonging to the group.
• Liabilities: the attribution of liabilities is based on the contractual obligations incurred by each of the legal entities or the businesses included in the group.
• In addition, the Sulzer group performed certain corporate overhead functions for the group including but not limited to finance, internal audit, tax planning and IT services. Costs incurred by these functions have been allocated to the group according to existing transfer pricing agreements.

The majority of the subsidiaries were party to the Sulzer cash pooling to maximize the availability of cash for general operating and investing purposes. Under these cash pooling arrangements, cash balances were swept by Sulzer regularly from the group’s bank accounts. The net position with the Sulzer cash pooling accounts at the end of each reporting period prior to the spin-off are reflected in the balance sheet in other current financial assets and current borrowings.

Prior to the spin-off, dividends and other equity transactions between the group and Sulzer were recognized directly to retained earnings in equity.

Prior to the spin-off, income taxes are determined based on the assumption that the subsidiaries are separate taxable entities from the Sulzer group (separate tax return approach). This assumption implies that the current and deferred taxes are calculated as if a separate tax return had been prepared in each tax jurisdiction. In some tax jurisdictions, the group and Sulzer businesses operated within the same legal entity and certain subsidiaries were part of a Sulzer tax group. This required the assumption that the subsidiaries and businesses in those tax jurisdictions operated on a standalone basis and constitute separate taxable entities. Actual outcomes and results could differ from these separate tax return estimates. Refer to note 11 for additional disclosures on income taxes.

The effects of business combinations prior to the spin-off, in the form of goodwill, other intangible assets and fair value adjustments, were transferred from the Sulzer group to the group and are deemed to form part of the group and are recognized in the financial statements using measurement principles and assumptions applied by the Sulzer group.

Prior to the spin-off, the equity attributable to the owners of the group consists of the net assets attributable to the group and represents the cumulative net investment by the Sulzer group. Some changes in net assets allocated between the group and the Sulzer group are presented separately in the consolidated financial statements through the lines “Contribution from the Sulzer group” and “Contribution to the Sulzer group” in the statement of changes in equity reflecting the internal activities between the group and the Sulzer group. These primarily relate to the debt split between the group and Sulzer, acquisitions and recharges for vested shares under the existing share plans.

As part of the debt split between the group and the Sulzer group during 2021, the unfulfilled part of a loan agreement, namely the repayment and interest payment obligations under the loan agreement amounting in total to CHF 80.2 million, was transferred to the group in the course of the spin-off, while the loan proceeds remained with the Sulzer group. The debt split between the group and Sulzer has been reflected in the balance sheet and statement of changes in equity as of June 30, 2021, and as a result, the equity of the group decreased by CHF 80.2 million and current borrowings increased by the same amount. Refer to note 21 for further details.

On October 1, 2020, the group received a contribution from the Sulzer group related to the acquisition of Haselmeier amounting to CHF 82.0 million. The contribution is disclosed under “contribution from the Sulzer group” in the statement of changes in equity. Refer to note 21 for further details.

Prior to the spin-off, employees of the group participated in the Sulzer long-term incentive plan. The share-based payment expenses have been calculated based on the number of the performance share units (PSUs) received under the Sulzer performance share plans (PSPs). The performance share units will be settled in shares of the former parent on a pro rata temporis basis at the end of the original vesting period. For more information, refer to note 28.

Transactions between the group and Sulzer group entities outside the scope of the group have not been eliminated and are reported as transactions with related parties, refer to note 29.

Management of the group believes that the basis of preparation described above results in financial statements for the periods prior to the spin-off appropriately reflecting the assets and liabilities associated with the group and a reasonable reflection of the utilization of services provided for the benefits received by the group relative to the total costs incurred by the Sulzer group. However, as the group did not operate as a stand-alone entity during the relevant years, the financial information may not be indicative of the group’s future performance and does not necessarily reflect what its results of operations, financial position and cash flows would have been had the group operated as a separate entity apart from the Sulzer group prior to the spin-off.

Agreements entered into between the group and Sulzer in connection with the spin-off govern the relationship between the parties following the spin-off and provide for the allocation of various assets, liabilities, rights and obligations. These agreements also include arrangements for transition services to be provided on a temporary basis between the parties.

Following the spin-off, the consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the group and no longer include any allocations from Sulzer.

Rounding

Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout the report may not add up precisely to the totals provided. All ratios, percentages and variances are calculated using the underlying amount rather than the presented rounded amount.

Tables

Within tables, blank fields generally indicate that the field is not applicable or not meaningful, or that information is not available as of the relevant date or for the relevant period. Dashes (–) generally indicate that the respective figure is zero, while a zero (0.0) indicates that the relevant figure has been rounded to zero.

2 Significant events and transactions during the reporting period

The financial position and performance of the group were particularly affected by the following events and transactions during the reporting period:

• On September 20, 2021, Sulzer Ltd (“Sulzer” or “former parent”) shareholders at their extraordinary general meeting (EGM) approved the proposed 100% spin-off of its Applicator Systems (APS) division through a 1:1 share split, granting Sulzer shareholders one APS share in addition to each Sulzer share held. APS has been renamed medmix.
• On September 30, 2021, the company became a publicly traded group and the shares of the company are listed on SIX Swiss Exchange in Zurich, Switzerland (symbol: MEDX).
• As of September 30, 2021, the company increased its share capital from CHF 342’623.70 to CHF 412’623.70, by using part of the authorized capital that was created at the EGM of Sulzer on September 20, 2021. The share capital increase resulted in net proceeds of CHF 294.7 million after deducting stamp duty of CHF 3.1 million and directly related transaction costs of CHF 17.2 million.
• After the spin-off, the group repaid most of the current and non-current borrowings with the Sulzer group. The group arranged two committed syndicated credit facilities (facility A and B) for a total amount of CHF 400.0 million, both maturing in September 2026. The credit facilities include two one-year extension options (subject to lenders’ approval).
• The group experienced substantial revenue growth in 2021. In 2020, revenues were strongly impacted by the outbreak of COVID-19. Following the closing of stores, factories and dental clinics, the markets stalled in the second quarter of 2020. Since the third quarter of 2020, the group has been experiencing a strong recovery, with revenue reaching pre-pandemic levels, and the recovery continued into 2021 for all market segments except Surgery.
• Prior to the spin-off, the group terminated the cash pool with the Sulzer group. The cash pool debit balances, presented as current financial assets, amounted to CHF 31.4 million, and the cash pool credit balances, presented as borrowings, amounted to CHF 14.1 million as of December 31, 2020. The termination of the cash pool led to cash flow movements in 2021 of CHF 31.4 million disclosed in the cash flow statement as “sale of current financial assets” and to CHF 14.1 million disclosed as “repayments of current borrowings”.

For a detailed discussion about the group’s performance and financial position, please refer to the section financial review.

3 Segment information

Segment information by business areas

Certain expenses are not attributable to a particular business area and are reviewed as a whole across the group irrespective of the business area. These expenses are presented in the following reconciliation statement.

Bridge from business area gross profit to adjusted EBITDA

Bridge from cash flow from operating activities to free cash flow

Information about reportable segments

Operating segments are determined based on the reports reviewed by the Board of Directors (BoD) that are used to measure performance, make strategic decisions, and allocate resources to the segments. The business is managed based on business areas, and the reportable segments have been identified as disclosed below. The BoD assesses the performance of the two segments based on the business areas’ revenue, gross profit and gross profit margin.

The BoD assesses performance of the group using alternative performance measures (APM) which are derived from the financial statements prepared in accordance with IFRS. The APMs are prepared in addition to IFRS to assist in comparability of information across periods by adjusting for depreciation, amortization, impairment, restructuring and other non-operational items (see section alternative performance measures (APM)). In this context, the BoD assesses the performance of the group based on adjusted EBITDA and free cash flow in addition to each business area’s revenue and gross profit.

Revenue from external customers that is reported to the BoD is measured in a manner consistent with that in the income statement. There is no significant revenue between the segments. No individual customer represents a significant portion of the group’s revenue.

Healthcare

Through its well-known brands Haselmeier, medmix, Mixpac and Transcodent, the Healthcare business area specializes in the design and production of innovative, high-precision delivery devices and services within drug delivery, surgery and dental markets. Products include injection pens for subcutaneous delivery of drugs, surgical delivery devices focusing on trauma bone repair and wound-healing tissue treatment and mixing, filling and delivery device systems for the dental consumable industry.

The business area’s IP-protected solutions make the customers’ products precise, safe, unique and more sustainable, leveraging the business’s expertise in drug delivery, plastic-injection technology, molding and two-component mixing.

Consumer & Industrial

Through its well-known brands Mixpac, MK, Cox and Geka, the Consumer & Industrial business area specializes in the design and production of innovative, high-precision delivery devices and services within the Industry market segment, such as adhesives used in construction, electronics, automotive, aerospace and various industries and consumer markets such as beauty and other microbrush applications. Products include hand-held mixing and dispensing delivery devices for two-component adhesives and sealants, mixing tips, cartridges, high-precision make-up applicators and microbrushes.

The business area’s IP-protected solutions make the customers’ products precise, safe, unique and more sustainable, leveraging the business’s expertise in plastic injection molding, two-component mixing, fluid handling, material design and microbrushes.

Regional segment information

The allocation of assets is based on their geographical location. Non-current assets exclude non-current financial assets, deferred income tax assets and defined benefit assets. The allocation of revenue from external customers is based on the ship-to location defined by the group’s customer, which does not necessarily correspond with the location of the end customer.

Non-current assets by region

Revenue by region

Market segment information

The following table shows the allocation of revenue from external customers by market segment:

Revenue by market segment

4 Acquisition of subsidiaries

Acquisitions in 2021

No acquisitions were made in 2021.

Cash flow from acquisitions of subsidiaries

Contingent consideration

Acquisitions in 2020

The following table summarizes the recognized amounts of assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition, including the resulting goodwill and the total consideration paid.

Net assets acquired

Measurement period adjustment as of December 31, 2020

The group reassessed the accounting treatment of the contingent consideration of the Haselmeier acquisition based on facts and circumstances already existing at the acquisition date on October 1, 2020. The contingent consideration is mainly dependent on technology-related proof-of-concept, project development and customer orders and following the reassessment, the earn-out amount was adjusted from CHF 0.5 million to CHF 2.7 million retrospectively. Consequently, the group adjusted goodwill and other current and accrued liabilities by CHF 2.2 million as of December 31, 2020.

5 Critical accounting estimates and judgments

In preparing these consolidated financial statements in accordance with IFRS, management has made estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of income, expenses, assets, liabilities and contingent liabilities. All estimates and assessments are continually reviewed and are based on historical experience and other factors, including expectations regarding future events that appear reasonable under the given circumstances. The group makes estimates and assumptions that relate to the future. By their nature, these estimates will only rarely correspond to actual subsequent events. The estimates and assumptions that carry a significant risk, in the form of a substantial adjustment to the present values of assets and liabilities within the next financial year, are set out below.

Employee benefit plans

The present value of the pension obligation and the plan assets depends on a number of factors that are determined on an actuarial basis using a number of assumptions. Assumptions used in determining the defined benefit assets/obligations include the discount rate, future salary and pension increases, and mortality rates. The assumptions are reviewed and reassessed at the end of each year. Further details are provided in note 8 and note 31.

Income taxes

The group is obliged to pay income taxes in numerous jurisdictions. Assumptions are required in order to determine income tax provisions. There are transactions and calculations for which the ultimate tax determination is uncertain during the ordinary course of business. The group recognizes liabilities for anticipated tax audit issues based on estimates of whether additional taxes will be due. Where the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts that were initially recorded, such differences will impact the income tax and deferred tax provisions in the period in which such determination is made. Management believes that the estimates are reasonable, and that the recognized liabilities for income tax-related uncertainties are adequate. Further details are disclosed in note 11.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

The group carries out an annual impairment test on goodwill in the first quarter of the year (after the budget and the three-year strategic plan have been approved), or when indications of a potential impairment exist. The recoverable amount from cash-generating units is measured on the basis of value-in-use calculations with the terminal growth rate, the discount rate, and the projected cash flows as the main variables. Information about assumptions and estimation uncertainties that have significant risk of resulting in a material adjustment are disclosed in note 12. The accounting policies are disclosed in note 31.

Lease assets and lease liabilities

The group has applied judgment to determine the lease term for lease contracts that include renewal and termination options. The assessment of whether the group is reasonably certain to exercise such options impacts the lease term, which significantly affects the amount of lease liabilities and lease assets recognized. This assessment depends on economic incentives, such as removal and relocation costs. Further details are disclosed in note 14 and note 31.

Revenue

At contract inception, the group assesses the goods or services promised in a contract with a customer and identifies each promise to transfer to the customer as a performance obligation. The group considers the terms of the contract and all other relevant facts, including the economic substance of the transaction. Judgment is needed to determine whether there is a single performance obligation or multiple, separate performance obligations.

If the consideration promised in a contract includes a variable amount (e.g. early payment discounts, volume discounts), the group estimates the amount of consideration to which the group will be entitled in exchange for transferring the promised goods or services to a customer. The amount of the variable consideration is estimated by using either of the following methods, depending on which method the group expects to better predict the amount of consideration to which it will be entitled: the expected value or the most likely amount. The method selected is applied consistently throughout the contract and to similar types of contracts when estimating the effect of uncertainty on the amount of variable consideration to which the group is entitled. Depending on the outcome of the respective transactions, actual payments may differ from these estimates.

To allocate the transaction price to each performance obligation on a relative stand-alone selling price basis, the group determines the stand-alone selling price at contract inception of the distinct good or service underlying each performance obligation in the contract and allocates the transaction price in proportion to those stand-alone selling prices. If the stand-alone selling price is not directly observable, then the group estimates the amount with the expected cost plus margin method. Further details are disclosed in note 31.

Provisions

Provisions are made, among other reasons, for warranties, disputes, litigation and restructuring. A provision is recognized in the balance sheet when the group has a legal or constructive obligation as a result of a past event, and it is probable that an outflow of economic benefits will be required to settle the obligation. The nature of these costs is such that judgment has to be applied to estimate the timing and amount of cash outflows. Depending on the outcome of the respective transactions, actual payments may differ from these estimates. Further details are disclosed in note 24 and note 31.

6 Financial risk management

6.1 Financial risk factors

The group’s activities expose it to a variety of financial risks: market risk (including currency risk, interest rate risk, cash flow interest rate risk and price risk), credit risk and liquidity risk. The group’s overall risk management program focuses on the unpredictability of financial markets and seeks to minimize potential adverse effects on the group’s financial performance. The group uses derivative financial instruments to hedge certain risk exposures.

Risk management is carried out by a central treasury department (Group Treasury) of the Sulzer group. Group Treasury identifies, evaluates and hedges financial risks in close cooperation with the group’s entities and businesses. Principles for overall risk management and policies covering specific areas, such as foreign exchange risk, interest rate risk, credit risk, use of derivative financial instruments and non-derivative financial instruments, and investment of excess liquidity, exist in writing.

a) Market risk

(I) Foreign exchange risk

The group operates internationally and is exposed to foreign exchange risk arising from various currency exposures. The group is exposed to transactional foreign currency risk to the extent that revenues, purchases, license fees, borrowings and other balance sheet items are denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of group companies. The functional currencies of group entities are primarily CHF, EUR, USD and GBP. Management has set up a policy to require entities to manage their foreign exchange risk against their functional currency. The entities are required to hedge their major foreign exchange risk exposure using forward contracts or other standard instruments, usually transacted with Group Treasury. The group’s management policy is to apply the following hedge ratios:

Contractual FX exposure

• 90% to 100% of the exposure

Non-contractual FX exposure

• 100% of the forecasted exposure for the next 1–3 months
• 60% of the forecasted exposure for the next 4–6 months
• 40% of the forecasted exposure for the next 7–12 months

The group uses forward exchange contracts to hedge its currency risk, with a maturity of less than one year from the reporting date. The contracts are generally designated for hedge accounting as cash flow hedges. The group determines the existence of an economic relationship between the hedging instruments and the hedged item based on the currency, amount and timing of the respective cash flows. For hedges of foreign currency purchases, the group enters into hedge relationships where the critical terms of the hedging instrument match exactly with the terms of the hedged item. The group therefore performs a qualitative assessment of effectiveness. If changes in circumstances affect the terms of the hedged item such that the critical terms no longer match exactly with the critical terms of the hedging instrument, the group uses the hypothetical derivative method to assess effectiveness. In hedges of foreign currency purchases, ineffectiveness may arise if the timing of the forecast transaction changes from what was originally estimated.

Presently, most of the contracts are designated as cash flow hedges. External foreign exchange contracts are designated as hedges of foreign exchange risk on specific assets, liabilities or future transactions on a gross basis. The group has certain investments in foreign operations, whose net assets are exposed to foreign currency translation risk. If required, currency exposure arising from the net assets of the group’s foreign operations is managed primarily through borrowings denominated in the relevant foreign currencies. Derivative financial instruments are only used on an ad hoc basis to manage foreign currency translation risk.

The following tables show the hypothetical influence on the income statement for 2021 and 2020 related to foreign exchange risk of financial instruments. The volatility used for the calculation is the one-year historic volatility on December 31 for the relevant currency pair and year. For 2021, the currency pair with the most significant exposure and inherent risk was the EUR versus the INR. If, on December 31, 2021, the EUR had increased by 5.8% against the INR with all other variables held constant, profit after tax for the year would have been CHF 0.2 million lower due to foreign exchange losses on EUR-denominated financial liabilities. A decrease of the rate would have caused a gain of the same amount.

Hypothetical impact of foreign exchange risk on income statement

The following tables show the hypothetical influence on equity for 2021 and 2020 related to foreign exchange risk of financial instruments for the most important currency pairs as of December 31 of the respective year. The volatility used for the calculation is the one-year historic volatility on December 31 for the relevant currency pair and year. Most of the hypothetical effect on equity is a result of fair value changes of derivative financial instruments designated as hedges of future cash flows in foreign currencies.

Hypothetical impact of foreign exchange risk on equity

(II) Price risk

As of December 31, 2021, and 2020, the group was not exposed to significant price risk related to investments in equity securities.

(III) Interest rate sensitivity

The group’s interest rate risk arises from interest-bearing assets and liabilities. Assets and liabilities at variable rates expose the group to cash flow interest rate risk. The group analyzes its interest rate exposure on a net basis, and if required, enters into derivative instruments in order to keep the volatility of net interest income or expense limited. The group’s current and non-current interest-bearing liabilities mainly comprise a syndicated term loan of CHF 250.0 million with variable interest rates.

The following table shows the hypothetical influence on the income statement for variable interest-bearing assets net of liabilities at variable interest rates, assuming market interest rate levels would have increased/decreased by 100 basis points. For CHF, increasing interest rates would have a negative impact on the income statement, since the value of variable interest-bearing liabilities exceed the value of variable interest-bearing assets. For the other most significant currencies, EUR, USD, CNY and GBP, increasing interest rates would have had a positive impact on the income statement, where variable interest-bearing assets (comprising mainly cash and cash equivalents) exceed the value of variable interest-bearing liabilities.

Hypothetical impact of interest rate risk on income statement

On December 31, 2021, if the interest rates on CHF-denominated assets net of liabilities had been 100 basis points higher with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the year would have been CHF 0.8 million lower, as a result of higher interest expenses on CHF-denominated liabilities. A decrease of interest rates on CHF-denominated liabilities net of assets would have caused a gain of the same amount. As of December 31, 2020, if the interest rates had been 100 basis points higher with all other variables held constant, post-tax profit for the year would have been CHF 0.2 million higher, as a result of higher interest income on EUR-denominated assets.

b) Credit risk

Credit risk arises from cash and cash equivalents, derivative financial instruments, deposits with financial institutions and credit exposures to customers, including outstanding receivables, contract assets and committed transactions. The maximum exposure to credit risk per class of financial asset is disclosed by carrying amounts in the fair value table.

Credit risks of banks and financial institutions are monitored and managed centrally. Generally, only independently rated parties with a strong credit rating are accepted, and the total volume of transactions is split among several banks to reduce the individual risk with one bank.

For every customer with a large order volume, an individual risk assessment of the credit quality of the customer is performed that considers independent ratings, financial position, past experience and other factors. Additionally, bank guarantees and letters of credit are requested. For more details on the credit risk of contract assets, please refer to note 17, and on the credit risk of trade accounts receivable, please refer to note 18.

c) Liquidity risk

Prudent liquidity risk management includes the maintenance of sufficient cash and marketable securities, the availability of funding from an adequate number of committed credit facilities, and the ability to close out market positions.

Management anticipates the future development of the group’s liquidity reserve on the basis of expected cash flows by performing regular group-wide cash forecasts.

The following table analyzes the group’s financial liabilities in relevant maturity groupings based on the remaining period at the balance sheet to the contractual maturity date. The amounts disclosed in the table are the contractual undiscounted cash flows calculated with the year-end closing rates. Borrowings include the notional amount and interest payments.

Maturity profile of financial liabilities

6.2 Capital risk management

The group’s objectives when managing capital are to safeguard the group’s ability to continue as a going concern in order to provide returns for shareholders and benefits for other stakeholders and to maintain an optimal capital structure to reduce the cost of capital.

The following table shows the net debt/adjusted EBITDA ratio as of December 31.

Net debt/adjusted EBITDA ratio

6.3 Fair value estimation

The following tables present the carrying amounts and fair values of financial assets and liabilities as of December 31, 2021, and 2020, including their levels in the fair value hierarchy. For financial assets and financial liabilities not measured at fair value in the balance sheet, fair value information is not provided if the carrying amount is a reasonable approximation of fair value.

Fair values are categorized into three different levels in a fair value hierarchy based on the inputs used in the valuation techniques as follows:

The fair value of financial instruments traded in active markets is based on quoted market prices at the balance sheet date. Such instruments are included in level 1.

The fair values included in level 2 are based on valuation techniques using observable market input data. This may include discounted cash flow analysis, option pricing models or reference to other instruments that are substantially the same, while always making maximum use of market inputs and relying as little as possible on entity-specific inputs. The fair values of forward contracts are measured based on broker quotes for foreign exchange rates and interest rates.

Fair values measured using unobservable inputs are categorized within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. This applies particularly to contingent considerations in business combinations.

Fair value table

Fair value table

7 Personnel expenses